Defective Verb

Waw (و) and ya (ي) are weak letters . The verb that contain weak letter are weak verb. There are 3 types of weak verb.

Verbs with waaw or ya as the first root letter are called assimilated verbs
Verbs with waaw or ya as the second root letter are called hollow verbs
Verbs with waaw or ya as the third root letter are called defective verbs


For Urdu Speaker:

عربی میں واو(و) اور یا (ي) کمزور حروف هیں. ایسا فعل جس میں کمزور حروف هوں انهیں الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ کهتے هیں

الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ ۳ قسم کے هیں

المِثَالُ: ایسا فعل جسکا پهلا حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

الأَجْوَفُ:  ایسا فعل جسکا دوسرا  حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

النَّاقِصُ: ایسا فعل جسکا تیسرا  حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

Defective Verb : Past Tense

و + Second Radical +  First radical

Verbs with waw as the last radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person singular masculine/feminine, 3rd person dual feminine , 3rd person plural masculine.


For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف واو(و) هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هو ، هی ، هما (المثنی المونث: ) اور هم کے.

ي + Second Radical with Fatha +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and fatha on the second radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person singular masculine/feminine, 3rd person dual feminine , 3rd person plural masculine.


For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف یا(ي) هو اور دوسرے حرف پر فتحه هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هو ، هی ، هما (المثنی المونث: ) اور هم 

کے

ي + Second Radical with kasrah +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and kasrah on the second radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person plural masculine. 

For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف یا(ي) هو اور دوسرے حرف پركسره هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هم

3rd person plural masculine

Defective Verbs : Present Tense

و + Second Radical +  First radical

Verbs with waw as the last radical/letter are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: In the mudare marfu the dammah on 3rd radical is omitted. (When there is dammah on 3rd radical , the dammah is removed) e.g يَدْعُوُ ==>` يَدْعُوْ

In 3rd person masculine plural and 2nd person masculine plural , the 3rd radical is omitted (removed).

In 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is removed and the dammah on second radical is changed to kasrah.

ي + Second Radical with Fatha +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and fatha on second radical are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: In the mudare marfu the dammah on 3rd radical is omitted. (When there is dammah on 3rd radical , the dammah is removed) e.g يَدْعُوُ ==>` يَدْعُوْ

In 3rd person masculine plural and 2nd person masculine plural , the 3rd radical is omitted (removed) and the kasrah on second radical is changed to dammah.


In 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is removed.

ي + Second Radical with kasrah +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and kasrah on second letter are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: The last radical of these verbs is written as alif maqsora. 

In 3rd person masculine plural , 2nd person masculine plural and 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is omitted (removed) .

Defective verb in jussive

In jussive the verb doesn't  take any vowel (it have sukkon at the end).

When the particle لَمْ (lam== did not ) is placed before the present verb , the verb will change to jussive mood.

Here is defective verb form 1 conjugation in jussive mood..

ي + second radical with kasrah + first radical

Noun

Noun

اسم isam

All nouns are either : singular, dual or plural

All nouns are either: Masculine or feminine

Types of noun:

1. Common nouns

Common noun can be definit or indefininte.

Definite  (Ma'rifa) : Noun that have definte article ( ال ).

 الكتاب == al-kitabu == the book

Indefinite (nakirra) : Noun that doesn't have definte article 

كتاب == kitabu == a book

2. Proper nouns:
 A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place. Proper noun can be names of people, countries, cities, places  e.g Habib, Pakistan , Kohat and Qatar etc
 احمد , باكستان
مصر, اسلام اباد

 The proper nouns  take the ending case similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double đammah when in nominative case, Double Fatħah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in genitive case.

Rational and Irrational Noun:

Rational noun: Which refer to human being, angels and devil.

Rational noun Example:

Singular: هُوَ رَجُلٌ == howa rajulun == he is a man

Plural: هُمْ رِجَالٌ == hum rijaalun == they are men

Irrational noun: Which refer to non human being. The plural of irrational noun is treated as feminine singluar.

Irrational Example:

Singular: هَذَا كَلْبٌ == haza kalbun == this is a dog

Plural: هَذِهِ كِلابٌ hazihi kilabun == those are dogs

The word كِلابٌ is irrational plural noun so it will be treated as feminine singular. So we use هَذِهِ  which is singular feminine demonstrative noun.

Adjective of Irrational plural noun:

The adjective of irrational plural noun will also be feminine singular.

Singular: هَذَا كَلْبٌ صَغيرٌ == haza kalbun saghirun == this a small dog

Plural:   هَذِهِ كِلابٌ صغيرةٌ == hazihi kilabun saghiratun == these are small dogs

Present Tense

Rules:

1. When verb is four letter , harfu mudare will take damah.
2. When verb is three, five or six letter harfu mudare will take fatha. 

Examples:

3 Letters: جَلَسَ ==> يَجْلِسُ
4 Letters: أَصْلَحَ ==> يُصْلِحُ
5 Letters: اِقْتَرَبَ ==> يَقْتَرِبُ
6 Letters: اِسْتَخْرَجَ ==> يَسْتَخْرِجُ

Imperative Tense

Imperative Tense

A tense that shows command and request

How imperative is formed from Present Tense:

 يُجَاهِدُ  will be changed to  جَاهِدْ (struggle hard)

1.  Changes:

(i) Pronominal prefix is omitted i.e ي
(ii) Final dammah is changed to sukon
(iii) After dropping pronominal prefix if the word start with sakin letter hamzahtul wasil is prefixed to the verb e.g يخْرُجُ ===> اُخْرُجْ
This hamza will take dammah if the second radical of the verb has dammah otherwise it takes kasrah . The second radical of  يخْرُجُ =  خْرُجُ + ي (here رُ) has dammah so hamzah will also take dammah.

Rules:

1. Pronominal prefix is omitted i.e ي
2. Final dammah is changed to sukon
3. After dropping pronominal prefix if the word start with sakin letter hamzahtul wasil is prefixed to the verb.
4. This hamza will take dammah if the second radical of the verb has dammah otherwise it takes kasrah .

Other Forms:

Write (you singular male) = Uktub = اُكْتُبْ  Write (you singular female) = Uktubi = اُكْتُبِي  Write (you two male/female) = Uktuba = اُكْتُبَاWrite (you plural male) = Uktubu =  اُكْتُبُوا Write (you plural female) = Uktubna = اُكْتُبْنَ

Nominal Sentence

Nominal sentence
الجُمْلَةُ الاسْمِيَّةُ

ِAl-jumla tul Ismiyya

A sentence that start with noun or pronoun. Nominal sentence has two parts mubtada (subject) and khabr (predicate). Mutaba is a person or thing that is being described and khabr is the description of the person or that thing. 

Inna and it's sisters

Inna and It’s Sisters
إنّ وأخواتها (inna wa-akhwātuha)

The word inna (إنَّ) is a form of emphasis (eg. “indeed” etc.) It’s used to emphasize or draw attention to something.
Example:
The house is clean. ==  .البَيْتُ نَظِيْفٌ == al-baitu nazifun
indeed, the house is clean. ==  .البَيْتَ نَظِيْفٌ انَّ== inna al-baita nazifun
The second sentence emphasizing on the house.

Effect of inna on a sentence: 

The house is clean. ==  .البَيْتُ نَظِيْفٌ == al-baitu nazifun
This is a simple nominal sentence. As we know that nominal sentence have two parts:  Subject (mubtada: مبتدا) and predicate (khabr: خبر). So البَيْتُ (al-baitu) is a subject and .  نَظِيْفٌ (nazifun) is the predicate.
After adding inna (انَّ) the subject(mubtada) is called ismu inna and the predicate (khabr) is called khabru inna. The ismu inna (mubtada) vowel case ending will change from nominative to accusative. e.g البَيْتُ (al-baitu)  will change to البَيْتَ (al-baita)
ismu inna = البَيْتَ (al-baita)
khabr inna = نَظِيْفٌ (nazifun)

The sisters of inna are follow the same rules:

لكنّ (lakinna) — but
لأنّ (li’anna) — because
كأنّ (ka’anna) — like (when you’re making a resemblance between two things)
أنَّ (anna) — similar to inna (indeed, verily, etc.)
لَعَلَّ (la’ala) — in the hope that / in the fear that (meaning depends on the context)

Vocative Particle

Vocative particle حَرْفُ النِّدَاءِ

Vocative particle is used to call someone e.g O boy, O girl, O Sidra etc

Example 1: 

O Ahmed
يا أحمَدُ
ya Ahmadu
Here Ahmadu took dammah.

Example 2:

O father of Ahmed
ya Aba Ahmed
Here Aba Ahmed is a possessive phrase, Aba (Father) is mudaf and Ahmed is mudaf ilaihi. So Aba took fatha.

Plural

Note:
nominative == مرفوع
accusative == منصوب
genitive == مجرور

noun is marfoo when it's subject (faail) , 
it's mostly masoob when it's object (mafool) ,

majroor when preceded by a preposition or when it's mudaf ilaihi

Dual:

Dual of a noun can be constructed by adding انِ or يْنِ  depend on it's grammatical position in a sentence. 

Constructing masculine dual:

1. The last letter takes fatha.

2. If the noun is nominative , add  انِ to the last e.g 
الطَّالِبُ + انِ =====> الطَّالِبَانِ

3. If the noun is accusative or genitive  , add  يْنِ  to the last e.g 
الطَّالِبَ + يْنِ =====> الطَّالِبَيْنِ

Constructing feminine dual:

1. The last letter ta marbuta ة is changed into ت.

2. The last letter takes fatha.

3. If the noun is nominative , add  انِ to the last e.g 
الطَّالِبَةُ ==> الطَّالِبَتَ + انِ =====> الطَّالِبَتَانِ

3. If the noun is accusative or genitive  , add  يْنِ  to the last e.g 
الطَّالِبَةَ ==> الطَّالِبَتَ + يْنِ ======> الطَّالِبَتَيْنِ

Explanation in Urdu:

اردو میں :

اسم کا الْمُثَنَّى جملے میں اس کے گرائمر کے حالت کے مطابق اسم کے ساتہ  آنِ یا يْنِ  جمع كرنے سے بنايا جاتا هے.

مزکر مُثَنَّى بنانا:

۱. آخری لفظ فتحه لے گا. 

۲. اگر اسم مرفوع هے تو آخری لفظ کے ساتہ انِ جمع کرتے هیں. 

الطَّالِبُ + انِ =====> الطَّالِبَانِ

۳. اگر اسم منصوب یا مجرور هے تو آخری لفظ کے ساتہ يْنِ جمع کرتے هیں.

الطَّالِبَ + يْنِ =====> الطَّالِبَيْنِ

مونث مُثَنَّى بنانا:

۱.  آخری لفظ تاء مربوطہ (ة) ت میں تبدیل هوجائے گا.

۲.  آخری لفظ فتحه لے گا. 

۳. اگر اسم مرفوع هے تو آخری لفظ کے ساتہ انِ جمع کرتے هیں. 

الطَّالِبَةُ ==> الطَّالِبَتَ + انِ =====> الطَّالِبَتَانِ

۴. اگر اسم منصوب یا مجرور هے تو آخری لفظ کے ساتہ يْنِ جمع کرتے هیں.

الطَّالِبَةَ ==> الطَّالِبَتَ + يْنِ ======> الطَّالِبَتَيْنِ

Sound Plural

Constructing masculine sound Plural:

1. If there is tanween on last letter, it will be replaced with single vowel (double dammah ---> single dammah)
2. If the noun is nominative , add  ونِ to the end e.g 
مُدَرِّسٌ===> مُدَرِّسُ + ونَ =====> مُدَرِّسُونَ
3. If the noun is accusative or genitive  , add  ينَ  to the end e.g 
فَلاحِ ===> فَلاحِ + ينَ =====> فَلاحِينَ

Constructing feminine sound Plural:

1. The last letter ta marbuta ة is changed into ات.
مُعَلِّمَةٌ ==> مُعَلِّمَ + اتٌ ==> مُعَلِّمَاتٌ
مُهَنْدِسَةٍ ==> مُهَنْدِسَ + اتٍ ==> مُهَنْدِسَاتٍ

Examples:

1. Masculine nominative 
Singular: The Teacher went out. خَرَجَ المُدَرِّسٌ
Plural: The Teachers went out. خَرَجَ المُدَرِّسُونَ


Explanation: 
Here مُدَرِّسٌ is masculine and subject (فاعل) so it will be nominative because it's subject.
So to convert it to plural, we add waw nun (ونَ).
==========================
2. Masculine gentive
Singular: I asked from the teacher. سألتُ عن المُدَرِّسِ
Plural: I asked from the teachers. سألتُ عن المُدَرِّسِينَ

Explanation: 
Here مُدَرِّس is masculine and genitive because it's followed by a preposition.
So to convert it to plural, we add ya nun (ينَ).
===========================
3. Feminine nominative
Singular: The student (female) ate lunch. أكلتْ الطالبةُ غداء
Plural: The students (female) ate lunch. أكلتْ الطالباتُ غداء

Explanation: 
Here الطالبةُ is feminine and subject. So to convert it to plural, we replace taa marbuta (ة) with alif taa (ات).
==============================
4. Masculine Accusative
Single: I saw the teacher. رأيت المعلم 
Plural:  I saw the teachers. رأيت المعلمين
============================
5. Masculine Nominative
Single:  The teacher cames.  جاء المعلم 
Plural: The teachers came.  جاء المعلمون
 ===========================
6. Feminine nominative
Single: The student went. ذهبت الطالبة 
Plural: The students went.  ذهبت الطالبات

===========================

Passive Voice

Active Form  (maruf : مَعْرُوْفٌ)

A sentence in which the subject is known

Passive Form (majhul: مَجْهُوْلٌ)

A sentence in which subject is known.

Past Passive :

Examples:

كَتَبَ == kataba = He wrote

كُتِبَ == kutiba == It was written

The passive form of the past tense is formed on the pattern of  فُعِلَ and فُعْلِلَ  i.e putting dammah on first letter and kasrah on second last letter.

Present Passive :

Examples: 

يَكْتُبُ == yaktubu = He writes

يَكْتَبُ == yaktabu == It is written

`The passive form of the present tense is formed on the pattern of يُفْعَلُ . i.e
Putting dammah on first letter and fatha on second last letter.

Negation

Adding negative particle to present affirmative  ======================================== 

ma (ما) + Present affirmative >>= will change to =>> present negative
Changes: No changes 
--------------------------------------------------- 
la (لا) + Present affirmative >>= will change to =>> present negative 
Changes: No changess 
----------------------------------------------------- 
lam (لَمْ) + Present affirmative >>= will change to =>> past negative: 
Changes: The case ending of the verb after the particle lam (لَمْ) will change from nominative to jussive  i.e from damah to sukon 
---------------------------------------------------- 
lan (لَنْ) + Present affirmative >>= will change to =>> future negative 
Changes: The case ending of the verb after the particle lan (لَنْ) will change from nominative to accusative i.e from damah to fatha

Adding La Or Ma to present tense verb

Present tense can be negated by two particles ma (ما) or la (لا).

Using ma (ما):

When the particle ma (ما) is added to the present tense verb, the sentence will give negative meaning e.g 
I like == أُحِبُّ  == uhibbu 
I don't like == أُحِبُّ ما == ma uhibbu

Using la ( لا):

When the particle la (لا) is added to the present tense verb, the sentence will give negative meaning e.g 
I like == أُحِبُّ  == uhibbu 
I don't like == أُحِبُّ لا == la uhibbu

Adding negative particle Lam to present tense verb

When the particle lan (لَمْ) is added to the present tense verb , three changes will occur in meaning and structure of the sentence. 1. The sentence will give negative meaning . 2. The sentence will give meaning of past tense. 3. The case ending of the verb after the particle lam (لَمْ) will change from nominative to jussive  i.e from damah to sukon Example: He writes == يَكْتُبُ == yaktubu He didn't write ==  لَمْ يَكْتُبْ == lam yaktub

Sentence analysis:

After adding the particle lam (لَمْ) is added to the present tense verb , these changes occured in a sentence. He writes يَكْتُبُ  >> He didn't write لَمْ يَكْتُبْ 1. The sentence is giving negative meaning. 2. The sentence is giving meaning of past. 3. The case ending of the verb after particle lam (لَمْ) is changed from nominative to jussive i.e yaktubu يَكْتُبُ >> yaktub يَكْتُبْ

Adding negative particle Lan to present tense verb

When the particle lan (لَنْ) is added to the present tense verb , three changes will occur in meaning and structure of the sentence. 1. The sentence will give negative meaning . 2. The sentence will give meaning of future tense. 3. The case ending of the verb after the particle lan (لَنْ) will change from nominative to accusative i.e from damah to fatha
Example: I will return == سَأَرْجِعُ == saa arjiaau I will not return ==  لَنْ أَرْجِعَ  == lan arjiaaa

Sentence analysis:

After adding the particle lan (لَنْ) is added to the present tense verb , these changes occured in a sentence. i return أرْجِعُ >> i will not return  لَنْ أَرْجِعَ. 1. The sentence is giving negative meaning. 2. The sentence is giving meaning of future. 3. The case ending of the verb after the particle lan is changed from nominative to accusative i.e arjiaau أرْجِعُ >> arjiaaa أَرْجِعَ

Adding Negative particle to past tense verb

=======================================

Adding negative particle ma to past tense verb

Example: I went == ذَهَبْتُ == zahabtu I didn't go == ما ذَهَبْتُ == ma zahabtu He went out == خَرَجَ == kharaja He didn't go out == ما خَرَجَ == ma kharaja

Demonstrative Noun

 أَسْماءُ الإِشَارَةِ

A Demonstrative noun is a noun that points to the near or the distant thing.

Masculine

------------------------------------------

This (one)     Hadha     هَذَا

These (two)      Hadani    هَذَانِ

These (all)    Haulai     هَؤُلاءِ

Feminine

--------------------------------------------

This (one)    Hadhihi     هَذِهِ

These (two)  Hatani   هَاتَانِ

These all   Haulai  هَؤُلاءِ