Story 1
Summer Vacation
Summer season came
جاء فَصْلُ الصيفِ
so heat of the sun is increased
فاشْتَدّتْ حرارةَ الشمسِ
and the school closed it's door.
وأقْفَلتِ المدارِسُ أبْوابَها
Sentence analysis:
جاء == jaaa == came (past tense verb)
فَصْلُ الصيفِ == faslu sayfe == season of summer (possessive phrase)
ف == fa == so (connective particle, it could also mean "and" or "then")
اشْتَدّتْ == ashtaddat == it increased
حرارةَ الشمسِ == hararatu shamse == heat of the sun (possessive phrase)
و == wa == and (connective particle)
أقْفَلتِ == aqfalate = it closed (past tense)
المدارِسُ == al madaresu = the schoolأبْوابَها == abwabaha == its doors
Further analysis:
1. فَصْلُ الصيفِ and حرارةَ الشمسِ both are Possessive Phrase so let us explain possessive phrase.
Possessive Phrase:
It is a phrase in which the first word mudaaf (possessed) is attributed to the second one mudaaf ilaihi (possessor ). In some cases, this means that the second wordowns or possesses the first.
Examples:
فَصْلُ صيفِ == faslu sayfe == season of summer
حرارةَ الشمسِ == hararatu shamse == heat of the sun
Explanation:
فَصْلُ + الصيفِ
sayfe + faslusummer + seasonPossessor + possessedRules of possessive phrase:
Possessed:
It can be in any case depending on its use in the sentence.
It never has tanween or (ال) definte article .
Possessive:
It must always be in the genitive case ( the last vowel must be a kasrah or kasratain).
It can be definite or indefinite.
Note: Noun is originally in nominative case i.e it takes dammah.
So here فَصْلُ (faslu) is in orignal form (it's not affected by other words) so it took dammah. It have no tanween or definite article (ال).
The الصيفِ (sayfe) is definte (it have al definte particle) so it will take single kasrah.
You can analysis حرارةَ الشمسِ as above example smile emoticon
2.المدارِسُ
المدارِسُ
al madaresu
the school
مدرسة == madrasa == school
مدارِس == madares == schools
When definite particle (ال) is added to مدارِس == madares. It will become المدارِسُ al madares (the school).
3.أبْوابَها
أبْوابَ + ها
ha + abwaba
its + doors
باب == bab == door
أبْواب == abwab == doors
ها == ha == its/her (attached personal pronoun)
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في هذا الفصْلِ يَنْضَجُ البِطّيخُ والتّينُ والرُمّانُfi hazal fasle yandajul battikhu wa tinu war rummanu
In this season the watermelon , fig and pomegranate get ripped.
Sentence analysis:
في == fi = in (preposition : حُرُوفُ الْجَرِّ)
هذا == haza = this (demonastrative pronoun: أسْمَاءُ الإشَارَةِ لِلْقَرِيب)
الفصْلِ == al fasle == the season (definte noun)
يَنْضَجُ == yandaju == get riped (present tense verb)
البِطّيخ == al battikhu == the watermelon (definte noun)
و == wa = and (connective particle)
التّينُ == tinu == fig (definte noun)
و == wa = and (connective particle)
الرُمّانُ == rummanu == pomegranate (definte noun)
Further analysis:
When definte particle (ال) is added to noun the noun become definite.
Example:
فصْلِ ==> ال + فصْلِ ==> الفصْلِ
definte noun <== indefinte noun + definte particle <== indefinte particle
the season <== season + the <== season
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وفيه أيضاً يَذْهَبُ النّاسُ الى البَحْرِ لِيَسْبَحُوا في مِياهِهِ
wa fihe aydan yazhabun nasu ilal bahre leyasbahu fih miahihi
and also in it(this season) people go to the sea to swim in it's water.
Sentence analysis:
و == wa == and (connective particle)
فيه == fihe == in it (prepostion + attached pronoun)
أيضاً == aydan == also
يَذْهَبُ == yazhabu == he go ( present verb: here it's pointing to people we will translate : people go)
النّاسُ == an nasu == people (definte noun)
الى == ila == to (preposition)
البَحْرِ == al bahr == the sea (definte noun)
لِ == le == for (preposition)
يَسْبَحُوا == yabahu == swim (verb)
في == fi == in (preposition)
مِياهِهِ == miahihi == it's water
Further analysis:
1. فيه
في + ه
he+fi
it+in
attached pronoun + preposition
2.مِياهِهِ
مِياهِ + هِ
hi + miahi
its + water
attached pronoun + noun.
مِياهِ is genitive (it took kasrah) because it's followed by proposition. We know that when a noun is followed by a preposition , it is in majror (take kasrah)..
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أو إلى الجَبَلِ لِيَتَنَشَّقوا هَوَاءهُ المنْعِشَ
ao ilal jabale leyatanashshaqu hawaahul munaaisha
or to the mountain to breath it's fresh air
Sentence analysis:
أو == ao = or (conjunction)
إلى == ila = to (preposition)
الجَبَلِ == al jable == the mountain
لِ == le = for (preposition)
يَتَنَشَّقوا == yatanashshaqu == breath (verb)
هَوَاءهُ == hawaah == it's air (possessive phrase)
المنْعِشَ == muaaisha == fresh (adjective)
Further analysis:
هَوَاءهُ + المنْعِشَ
al munaaisha + hawaahu
fresh + it's air
adjective + possessive phrase
1. هَوَاءهُ
هَوَاءهُ
hawaahu
it's air
Possessive Phrase:
It is a phrase in which the first word mudaaf (possessed) is attributed to the second one mudaaf ilaihi (possessor ). In some cases, this means that the second word
owns or possesses the first.
Possessive phrase has two parts: possessor (that own _____ ) and possessed (that is being owned).
Example:
نافذة + الغرفة
nafidatul + ghurfate
window of + the room
possessor + possessed
Possessed:
It can be in any case depending on its use in the sentence.
It never has tanween or (ال) definte article .
Possessive:
It must always be in the genitive case ( the last vowel must be a kasrah or kasratain).
It can be definite or indefinite,
So let's explain هَوَاءهُ
هَوَاء + هُ
hu + hawaa
it's + air
possessor + possessed
mudaf ilaihi + mudaf
هَوَاء is possessed so it doesn't take tanween or definte article (ال).
هُ is possessor . As we know that هُ (his/its) is pronoun and pronouns are indeclinable(doesn't change case ending) so it will not take kasrah.
The possessive pronoun هُ, هُم and هُنَّ will decline only in one case when they are preceded by ي or kasra.
Here هَوَاءهُ is definte coz pronouns are definte.
The possessive pronoun هُ, هُم and هُنَّ will decline only in one case when they are preceded by ي or kasra.
Here هَوَاءهُ is definte coz pronouns are definte.
2. المنْعِشَ
المنْعِشَ
al munaaisha
fresh
here المنْعِشَ == almuaaisha (fresh) is the adjective of هَوَاء == hawaa .
The adjective fresh (المنْعِشَ == almuaaisha) belongs to mudaaf/possessed (هَوَاء == hawaa) i.e fresh air
As we know that when adjective (صفة) belongs to mudaaf/possesed, then the adjective should have :
definte article (ال),
same gender as of mudaaf
and same ending case as of mudaaf.
Here:
1. The adjective (المنْعِشَ == almuaaisha) have definite article (ال)
2. The adjective (المنْعِشَ == almuaaisha) have same case ending as of mudaaf (here accusative : took fatha)
3. The adjective (المنْعِشَ == almuaaisha) have same gender as of mudaaf (here masculine)
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بدأتِ العُطلَةُ , فَلَعِبَ شادي طويلاًbadatel aautlatu falaaeba shadi taweelan
Vacation started and shadi played long
Sentence analysis:
بدأت == badat == it started (Past tense)
العُطلَةُ == al aautlatu == vacation/holiday (noun)
فَ == fa == and (connective particle)
لَعِبَ == laaeba == he played (past tense)
شادي == shadi = Shadi (name of a person)
طويلاً == taweelan == long (time adverb: ظرف زمان)
Further analysis:
1.بدأتْ
بدأتْ
badat
She/it started
العُطلَةُ is feminine so we used بدأتْ
i hope to not be wrong, sorry if i am wrong
The Root letter of بدأت is : بدء
2. بدأتِ العُطلَةُ
بدأتْ + الْعُطلَةُ
badat + al aautatu
vacation + started
The word الْعُطلَةُ has definte article (ال). As we know that the first letter of definte article (ال) is hamza(t) of connection هَمْزَةُ الوَصْلِ
and hamza(t) of connection هَمْزَةُ الوَصْلِ is pronounced only when it is the first word that you start to read. But in this case الْعُطلَةُ is
second word and you start read from بدأتِ so "a" (ا) sound of الْعُطلَةُ is dropped, not pronounced.
The word بدأتْ has sukkon at the end. So here two sukon came together.
بدأتْ + الْعُطلَةُ
sukon at the start of الْعُطلَةُ + sukon at the end of بدأتْ
To avoid two sukon at the end of بدأتْ is changed to kasrah.
بدأتِ العُطلَةُ
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رَكِبَ الَّدراجةَ , تَسَلَّقَ الأشْجَارَ و التّلالَ , زار الأصْدِقاءَ
rakebad daraajata , tasallaqal ashjaara wat telaal, zaral asdeqaa
He rode the bicycle, he climbed himself the trees and hills , visited the friends
Sentence analysis:
رَكِبَ == rakeba = He rode (Past tense)
الَّدراجةُ == ad-darajata = the bicycle (definite Noun, Object 1)
تَسَلَّقَ == tasallaqa == he climbed himself (Past tense , Verb form V)
الأشْجَارَ == al-ashjara == the tree (definite noun, plural, object 2)
و == wa == and (connective particle)
التّلالَ == at-telaal == the hills (definte noun, plural, object)
زار == zara == he visited (past tense verb)
الأصْدِقاءَ == al-asdiqa == the friend (definte noun, plural, object)
Further analysis:
1. Object: When a noun is object , it takes fatha.
2. تَسَلَّقَ
تَسَلَّقَ
tasallaqa
he climbed himself
Verb Form: تَفَعَّلَ 5
Verb Root: س-ل-ق
Verb Form 5 is made by adding the prefix ta (ت) to the verb form 2.
فَعَّلَ ==> تَ + فَعَّلَ ==> تَفَعَّلَ
.
تَفَعَّلَ == tafa3ala = He made himself do
.
Example:
تَأَخَّرَ == taakhkhara == he made himself late
3. الأشْجَارَ
شجرة == shajara == tree
أشجار == ashjar == trees
الأشْجَارَ == al-ashjar == the trees
4. التّلالَ
تلّ == tall == hill
تلال == telaal == hills
التّلالَ == at-telaal == the hills
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غيرَ أنّه بَعْدَ أسبوع , بَدَأ يُحِسّ بالمللghaira anahu baada asbuaen , badaa yuhisu bilmalal
However after a week, he began to feel boredom
Sentence analysis:
غيرَ أنّه == ghaira anahu == however (I don't know anything about this so i can't explain)
بَعْدَ == baada == after (adverbial time object)
أسبوع == asbuaa == week (noun)
بَدَأ == badaa == he started (past tense)
يُحِسّ ب == yuhisu b == feeling (I don't know anything about this so i can't explain)
الملل == al-malal == boredom (noun)
Further analysis:
1. بَعْدَ
بَعْدَ == baada == after
Adverbial time object:
A noun the refer to the time in which action has occured. It's also called zarfu zaman (ظَرْفُ زَمَانٍ) or The object of time/al-mafaaol fihi (الْمَفْعُولُ فِيهِ).
These nouns are type of object so take fatha (accusative case) however they work as mudaf so the noun following them will take kasrah (genitive case)
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ماذا يفعل؟ تذَكَّرَ وَظائِفَ العُطلَةِ الصَّيْفيَّة فبدأ يُخصّصُ لها كُلّ صَباحٍ ساعَتينِ
maza yafaalu? tazakkara wazaayfal aautlates sayfiiate fabadaa yukhassesu laha kulla sabaahen saa3ataen
What does he do? he remembered summer vacation's homework so he began to allocate two hours for this every morning
Sentence analysis:
ماذا == maza == what (interrogative article)
يفعل == yafalu == he does (present tense)
تذَكَّرَ == tazakkarra == he reminded himself (verb form V past tense, i think so but i m not sure)
وَظائِفَ == wazaayfa == homework (noun, object so accusative, mudaf)
العُطلَةِ == al-aaulate == vacations (noun, mudaf ilaihi so genitive)
الصَّيْفيَّة == as-saifiate == summer (adjective of mudaf ilaihi)
فبدأ == fa bada == so he began (connective particle + past tense verb)
يُخصّصُ == yukhassesu == he allocated (verb form II, present tense , i think so but i m not sure)
لها == laha == for it (preposition + pronoun)
كُلّ == kulla == every
صَباحٍ == sabaahen == morning (noun)
ساعَتينِ == saa3ataen == two hours
Further analysis:
1. تذَكَّرَ
تذَكَّرَ == tazakkarra == he reminded himself
Verb Root: ذ ك ر
Verb form : 5
I have explained recently how verb form 5 is formed from form 2.
Just Add the prefix ta (ت) to the form 2 verb
ذَكَّر ==> ت + ذَكَّر ==> تذَكَّر
form 5 <=== form 2 + prefix <== form 2
2. يُخصّصُ
يُخصّصُ == yukhassesu == he allocated
Verb Root: خ ص ص
Verb form : 2
3. لها
ل+ ها
ha + ha
her + for
لِ (le) is a preposition . Whenever this preposition is attached to a pronoun , the vowel of preposition will change from genitive to accusative i.e kasrah to fatha
ي is exception to the above rule
لِ ==> لِ + ها ==> لَها
4. وَظائِفَ العُطلَةِ الصَّيْفيَّة
وَظائِفَ العُطلَةِ الصَّيْفيَّة == wazaayfal aautlates sayfiiate == summer vacation homework
.
It's mudaf/mudaf ilaihi (possessive phrase)and it's adjective Let us break it into separte parts.
وَظائِفَ == homework = mudaf(possessed) and it's object here so it took fatha. We know mudaf can never have tanween and definte particle (ال). It can be in any case depending its position in sentence (here accusative)
العُطلَةِ == vacation = mudaf ilaihi (possessor) for wazaayf (homework) .As its' mudaf ilaihi so it must be in genitive case (with kasrah).
الصَّيْفيَّة == summer = sifa(adjective) of al-autlate (vacation). It is naat/sifa (adjective) of mudaf ilaihi so it must be same in these things:
Ending vowels,
Gender,
Singular plural (means both should be either singular or plural),
definite/indefinite ( means both should be either definite or indefinite)
.
here as-sayfiiate (adjective) and al-aautlate(noun) are same in above mentioned things:
1. Case ending:
العُطلَةِ == al-aautlate (have kasrah at the end)
الصَّيْفيَّةِ == as-sayfiiate (have kasrah at the end)
2. Gender
العُطلَةِ == al-aautlate (feminine)
الصَّيْفيَّةِ == as-sayfiiate (feminine)
3. Singular
العُطلَةِ == al-aautlate (singular)
الصَّيْفيَّةِ == as-sayfiiate (singular)
4. definite/indefinte
العُطلَةِ == al-aautlate (definite)
الصَّيْفيَّةِ == as-sayfiiate (definite)
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ولم ينسَ أن يقرأ بَعْضَ الكُتُبِ المُسَلّيةِ ذاتِ الرُّسُومِ الجميلَةِ والقِصصِ الحُلوَةِ
wa lam yansa aay yaqraa baadal kutubel musaliate zaater rusuumel jameela wal qisasel hulwate
He didn't forget to read entertainmnet book with beautiful drawings and sweet stories.
Sentence analysis:
و == wa == and (connective particle)
لم == lam == didn't
ينسَ == yansa == forget (present tense in jussive mode)
أن يقرأ == aay yaqra == to read (infinitive)
بَعْضَ == baada == some (object, mudaf)
الكُتُبِ == al-kutube == books (definte noun, mudaf ilaihi)
المُسَلّيةِ == al-musaliate == entertainment (adjective, adjective of mudaf ilaihi)
ذاتِ == zate == with/one who have(used for feminine)
الرُّسُومِ == ar-rusume == drawings (definite noun)
الجميلَةِ == al-jameela == beautiful (adjective of drawing)
و == wa == and (connective particle)
القِصصِ == al-qisase == stories (definite noun)
الحُلوَةِ == hulwa == sweet (adjective of stories)
Further Analysis:
1. لم ينسَ
لم ينسَ == lam yansa == he didn't forget
lam (لَمْ) + Present affirmative >>= will change to =>> past negative:
Changes: The case ending of the verb after the particle lam (لَمْ) will change from nominative to jussive i.e from damah to sukon
As we know that يَنْسَى is a defective verb/fail naqis (weak verb that have weak letter as last radical/third letter) so to convert
weak verb to jussive mood , we drop the last radical.
Here we dropped the alif maqsora (ى).
يَنْسَى ==> يَنْسَ
2. أن يقرأ
أن يقرأ == aay yaqraa == to read
an + verb (ان + فعل) == to + verb (infinitive)
أن + يقرأ == to + read
أَنْ + أَتَعَلَّمَ == to + learn
If the verb after أن (an) is imperfect, it should be accusative.
3. بَعْضَ الكُتُبِ المُسَلّيةِ
بَعْضَ == baada == some
الكُتُبِ == al-kutube == books
المُسَلّيةِ == al-musaliate == entertainment
بَعْضَ الكُتُبِ المُسَلّيةِ is a possessive phrase.
بَعْضَ الكُتُبِ المُسَلّيةِ
adjective of mudaf ilaihi + mudaf ilaihi + mudaf
بَعْضَ baada is mudaf so it will not can't have tanween and definte article al (ال)
الكُتُبِ al kutube is mudaf ilaihi so it's majror
المُسَلّيةِ al-musaliate is adjective of mudaf ilaihi so it's same with mudaf in these things
definte article (ال),
same gender as of mudaaf (irrational/non-human plural noun are treated as feminine singular)
and same ending case as of mudaaf.
4. Adjective phrase
الرُّسُومِ الجميلَةِ == beautiful drawings
القِصصِ الحُلوَةِ == sweet stories
Both are adjective phrase
In adjective phrase adjective must follow noun in these things:
1. definite/indefinte
2. singular/plural
3. masculine/feminine
4. case ending
الرُّسُومِ == ar-rusume == drawings (definite noun)
الجميلَةِ == al-jameela == beautiful (adjective of drawing)
القِصصِ == al-qisase == stories (definite noun)
الحُلوَةِ == hulwa == sweet (adjective of stories)
Note: non-human(irrational) plurals are treated as feminine singular.
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فكانَ يَقْرَأ فيها كُلَّ مَسَاءٍ
fakaana yaqrau fiha kulla masaaen
and he was reading in it every evening
Sentence anaylsis:
ف == fa == and (connective particle)
كانَ == kana = he was (past tense)
يَقْرَأ == yaqrau == he read (present tense)
فيها == fiha == in it (preposition + pronoun)
كُلَّ == kulla == every (time adverb/zarf zaman , mudaf)
مَسَاءٍ == masaa == evening (time, mudaf ilaihi)
Further anaylsis:
1. فيها
في + ها
ha + fi
it/her + in
attached pronoun + prepostion
2. كُلَّ مَسَاءٍ
كُلَّ == kulla == every = mudaf
مَسَاءٍ == masaa == evening == mudaf ilaihi so genitive (took kasrah)
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