Defective Verb

Waw (و) and ya (ي) are weak letters . The verb that contain weak letter are weak verb. There are 3 types of weak verb.

Verbs with waaw or ya as the first root letter are called assimilated verbs
Verbs with waaw or ya as the second root letter are called hollow verbs
Verbs with waaw or ya as the third root letter are called defective verbs


For Urdu Speaker:

عربی میں واو(و) اور یا (ي) کمزور حروف هیں. ایسا فعل جس میں کمزور حروف هوں انهیں الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ کهتے هیں

الْفِعْلُ الْمُعْتَلُّ ۳ قسم کے هیں

المِثَالُ: ایسا فعل جسکا پهلا حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

الأَجْوَفُ:  ایسا فعل جسکا دوسرا  حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

النَّاقِصُ: ایسا فعل جسکا تیسرا  حرف واو(و) اور یا (ي) هو

Defective Verb : Past Tense

و + Second Radical +  First radical

Verbs with waw as the last radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person singular masculine/feminine, 3rd person dual feminine , 3rd person plural masculine.


For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف واو(و) هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هو ، هی ، هما (المثنی المونث: ) اور هم کے.

ي + Second Radical with Fatha +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and fatha on the second radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person singular masculine/feminine, 3rd person dual feminine , 3rd person plural masculine.


For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف یا(ي) هو اور دوسرے حرف پر فتحه هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هو ، هی ، هما (المثنی المونث: ) اور هم 

کے

ي + Second Radical with kasrah +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and kasrah on the second radical/letter are regular in past tense except for 3rd person plural masculine. 

For Urdu Speaker:

ايسے افعال جس کا تیسرا حرف یا(ي) هو اور دوسرے حرف پركسره هو ، ماضی میں باقاعده افعال کی طرح هیں سوائے هم

3rd person plural masculine

Defective Verbs : Present Tense

و + Second Radical +  First radical

Verbs with waw as the last radical/letter are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: In the mudare marfu the dammah on 3rd radical is omitted. (When there is dammah on 3rd radical , the dammah is removed) e.g يَدْعُوُ ==>` يَدْعُوْ

In 3rd person masculine plural and 2nd person masculine plural , the 3rd radical is omitted (removed).

In 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is removed and the dammah on second radical is changed to kasrah.

ي + Second Radical with Fatha +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and fatha on second radical are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: In the mudare marfu the dammah on 3rd radical is omitted. (When there is dammah on 3rd radical , the dammah is removed) e.g يَدْعُوُ ==>` يَدْعُوْ

In 3rd person masculine plural and 2nd person masculine plural , the 3rd radical is omitted (removed) and the kasrah on second radical is changed to dammah.


In 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is removed.

ي + Second Radical with kasrah +  First radical

Verbs with ya as the last radical/letter and kasrah on second letter are regular  in present tense except for  3rd person plural masculine, 2nd person masculine plural, 2nd person feminine singular.

Note: The last radical of these verbs is written as alif maqsora. 

In 3rd person masculine plural , 2nd person masculine plural and 2nd person feminine singular, the 3rd radical is omitted (removed) .

Defective verb in jussive

In jussive the verb doesn't  take any vowel (it have sukkon at the end).

When the particle لَمْ (lam== did not ) is placed before the present verb , the verb will change to jussive mood.

Here is defective verb form 1 conjugation in jussive mood..

ي + second radical with kasrah + first radical

Household

English: Refrigerator

Arabic: ثلاجة

Franco: thallaaja

English: Washing machine

Arabic: غسّالة (Plural: غسّالات)

Franco: ghassaala (Plural: ghassaalat)

English: Knife

Arabic: سكّين (Plural: سكاكين)

Franco: sikkin (Plural: sakaakeen)

Urdu: چاقو (chako)

Noun

Noun

اسم isam

All nouns are either : singular, dual or plural

All nouns are either: Masculine or feminine

Types of noun:

1. Common nouns

Common noun can be definit or indefininte.

Definite  (Ma'rifa) : Noun that have definte article ( ال ).

 الكتاب == al-kitabu == the book

Indefinite (nakirra) : Noun that doesn't have definte article 

كتاب == kitabu == a book

2. Proper nouns:
 A proper noun is the name of a specific person, thing or place. Proper noun can be names of people, countries, cities, places  e.g Habib, Pakistan , Kohat and Qatar etc
 احمد , باكستان
مصر, اسلام اباد

 The proper nouns  take the ending case similar to the ordinary nouns i.e., Double đammah when in nominative case, Double Fatħah when in accusative case and Double Kasrah when in genitive case.

Rational and Irrational Noun:

Rational noun: Which refer to human being, angels and devil.

Rational noun Example:

Singular: هُوَ رَجُلٌ == howa rajulun == he is a man

Plural: هُمْ رِجَالٌ == hum rijaalun == they are men

Irrational noun: Which refer to non human being. The plural of irrational noun is treated as feminine singluar.

Irrational Example:

Singular: هَذَا كَلْبٌ == haza kalbun == this is a dog

Plural: هَذِهِ كِلابٌ hazihi kilabun == those are dogs

The word كِلابٌ is irrational plural noun so it will be treated as feminine singular. So we use هَذِهِ  which is singular feminine demonstrative noun.

Adjective of Irrational plural noun:

The adjective of irrational plural noun will also be feminine singular.

Singular: هَذَا كَلْبٌ صَغيرٌ == haza kalbun saghirun == this a small dog

Plural:   هَذِهِ كِلابٌ صغيرةٌ == hazihi kilabun saghiratun == these are small dogs

Food

English: Milk

Arabic: حليب

Franco: Haleeb

Urdu: دودھ (dodh)
Português : Leite  
French: lait 
Russian: Молоко

English: Juice
Arabic: عصير
Franco: aaseer

English: Carrot juice
Arabic: عصيرُ الجزر

Franco: aaseerul jazar

English: Fish
Arabic: سمك
Franco: samak
Urdu: مچھلی (machli)

English: Meat
Arabic: لحم (Plural: لحوم)
Franco: Lahm (Plural: luhoom)

Urdu: گوشت (ghost)

Places

English: School

Arabic: مدرسة (Plural: مدارِس)

Franco: madrasa (Plural: madaares)

Urdu: اسکول (school)

Present Tense

Rules:

1. When verb is four letter , harfu mudare will take damah.
2. When verb is three, five or six letter harfu mudare will take fatha. 

Examples:

3 Letters: جَلَسَ ==> يَجْلِسُ
4 Letters: أَصْلَحَ ==> يُصْلِحُ
5 Letters: اِقْتَرَبَ ==> يَقْتَرِبُ
6 Letters: اِسْتَخْرَجَ ==> يَسْتَخْرِجُ

Imperative Tense

Imperative Tense

A tense that shows command and request

How imperative is formed from Present Tense:

 يُجَاهِدُ  will be changed to  جَاهِدْ (struggle hard)

1.  Changes:

(i) Pronominal prefix is omitted i.e ي
(ii) Final dammah is changed to sukon
(iii) After dropping pronominal prefix if the word start with sakin letter hamzahtul wasil is prefixed to the verb e.g يخْرُجُ ===> اُخْرُجْ
This hamza will take dammah if the second radical of the verb has dammah otherwise it takes kasrah . The second radical of  يخْرُجُ =  خْرُجُ + ي (here رُ) has dammah so hamzah will also take dammah.

Rules:

1. Pronominal prefix is omitted i.e ي
2. Final dammah is changed to sukon
3. After dropping pronominal prefix if the word start with sakin letter hamzahtul wasil is prefixed to the verb.
4. This hamza will take dammah if the second radical of the verb has dammah otherwise it takes kasrah .

Other Forms:

Write (you singular male) = Uktub = اُكْتُبْ  Write (you singular female) = Uktubi = اُكْتُبِي  Write (you two male/female) = Uktuba = اُكْتُبَاWrite (you plural male) = Uktubu =  اُكْتُبُوا Write (you plural female) = Uktubna = اُكْتُبْنَ